台灣電子報

中華民國歷史

明治44年（1911年）10月10日，孫中山在武昌起義建立了亞洲第一個民主共和國——中華民國，中華民國成為繼清朝之後的國家。中華民國於明治44年（1911年）10月10日至民國38年（1949年）12月7日其間統治中國大陸的大部分地區（蒙古、新疆、西藏等邊地控制不深）。按照統治政府與地理政治情勢，中華民國可劃分為北洋政府時期（明治45年(1912年)－昭和2年(1927年)）、國民政府時期（昭和2年(1927年)－民國38年(1949年)12月7日）與台灣時期（民國38年(1949年)12月7日至今）三部分。昭和20年（1945年）8月15日第二次中日戰爭結束後，民國34年（1945年）10月25日，中華民國取得清代割讓給日本的台灣。民國38年（1949年）12月7日後，中華民國因國共內戰失利而失去中國大陸的統治權，退守台灣以及福建省周圍的部分島嶼，中央政府播遷台北市，形成現今台灣海峽兩岸政權的對峙局面。

中華民國國旗 

中華民國國徽

 中華民國國歌

國共內戰

國民政府撤退來台灣路線 

昭和20年（1945年）8月15日第二次中日戰爭後，中國共產黨的勢力擴大，國共雙方的衝突再起，毛澤東發表《論聯合政府》要求建立新民主主義的國家。而領導國民政府的蔣中正則致力於在民國35年內召開制憲國民大會，將國家引入憲政時代。國共兩黨圍繞受降問題，改組政府問題，制憲國民大會問題激烈較量。雙方時有戰鬥，時有談判，但談判終致破裂而戰事擴大，從民國35年（1946年）到民國38年（1949年）12月7日間的三年內戰，遼沈戰役（遼西會戰）、淮海戰役（徐蚌會戰）和平津戰役（平津會戰）國民黨方面的作戰均告失敗，不但喪失大片控制的土地，國軍損失了主力近150萬人，更有超過100萬的部隊與政府官員投降共產黨。民國37年秋天，國民政府在中國大陸東北僅剩遼寧省錦州、吉林省長春、遼寧省沈陽市等幾個城市，10月15日國民政府錦州失守，19日長春在數個月的包圍戰後失守，11月3日解放軍正式進入沈陽，共產黨全面控制中國大陸東北。11月中爆發的淮海／徐蚌之戰是國共內戰中規模最大最慘烈的戰役，此戰役成為國共最後的總決戰，國民黨最後敗陣，12月15日解放軍攻下江蘇省徐州、1月15日攻下天津市、1月19日攻下安徽省蚌埠，會戰結束。民國38年1月21日中華民國總統蔣中正宣佈下野，副總統李宗仁代理總統職務，重新開啟國共和談。1月31日解放軍和平地進佔北平市。

民國38年4月，國共舉行了北京和談（即所謂「劃江而治」），但國民黨無法接受共產黨的要求，談判宣告破裂。民國38年4月21日中國人民解放軍大舉渡過長江，中國國民黨江蘇省江陰要塞司令投共，民國38年4月23日首都江蘇省南京市被解放軍攻克，國民政府遷往廣州。4月24日解放軍攻下山西省太原市，中國國民黨部分守軍與政府官員因拒絕投降共產黨而集體自殺，中國國民黨方面稱之為「太原五百完人」。5月解放軍陸續攻下華東、華中諸多大城市，在10日進佔了浙江省杭州、15日進佔江西省南昌、16日進佔湖北省武漢、27日進佔上海市。6月3日美國軍事顧問團撤離與國軍撤守山東省青島後，同日解放軍進佔青島。8月6日解放軍攻陷湖南省長沙市、17日攻陷福建省福州市，解放軍戰線深入華南地區。10月1日，共產黨在北平市（後易名「北京市」）宣告中華人民共和國中央人民政府成立。10月15日解放軍攻佔廣東省廣州市，中華民國政府再遷重慶市，17日攻佔福建省廈門市，並對廈門外海的福建省金門縣進行作戰，25日金門戰役國軍大捷，擊退進攻的解放軍。11月3日，解放軍進攻舟山群島的登步島，中華民國國軍經過三天的戰鬥擊退進攻的解放軍，史稱登步島戰役。

11月中國共產黨攻佔重慶市，國民政府三遷四川省成都。同年12月7日，行政院電令政府遷設台北市，12月8日至10日，當時仍任國民黨總裁的蔣中正，以及包括五院院長、各部會首長的中央政府各級官員紛紛離開成都飛抵台北市，國民政府宣告「中國大陸淪陷」。

國民政府遷台

中華民國政府的執政黨國民黨在國共內戰失利之後，將中央政府遷來台灣，自此中華民國即與台灣緊緊相連，雖然與位於中國大陸的中國共產黨因為歷史、黨派而有著恩恩怨怨，但自民國38年12月7日後中華民國政府未曾再對大陸地區實行過統治。

中華民國地圖
臺灣（台灣）

 中華民國行政區域圖

參考文獻

中華民國歷史 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書
http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#.E5.9C.8B.E5.85.B1.E5.85.A7.E6.88.B0

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History of Taiwan of the Republic of China

The "history of Taiwan of the Republic of China" begins after the Qing Dynasty in October 10, 1911, when the formation of the Republic of China put an end to over two thousand years of Imperial rule. The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, ruled from 1644 to February 12, 1912. Since the republic's founding, it has experienced many tribulations as it was dominated by numerous warlords and fragmented by foreign powers. In 1928, the republic was nominally unified under the Nationalist Party of ROC (NPC), and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts between the Nationalist government, the Communist Party of China, remnant warlords, and Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale War of Resistance against Japan from July 7, 1937 to August 15, 1945, and later the widening gap between the ROC Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War.

A series of political, economic, and military missteps led the Nationalist Party to defeat and retreat to Taiwan in December 7, 1949, establishing an authoritarian one-party state that considered itself to be the sole legitimate ruler of all of the Republic of China. However, since political liberalization began in the late 1970s, Taiwan of the Republic of China has transformed itself into a multiparty, representative democracy.

Flag of Taiwan of the Republic of China

National emblem of Taiwan of the Republic of China

"National Anthem of Taiwan of the Republic of China" 

Chinese Civil War (August 15, 1945-December 7, 1949)

During World War II, the United States emerged as a major actor in Chinese affairs. As an ally it embarked in late 1941 on a program of massive military and financial aid to the hard-pressed Nationalist government. In January 1943, Britain and the United States led the way in revising their treaties with China, bringing to an end a century of unequal treaty relations. Within a few months, a new agreement was signed between the United States and Republic of China for the stationing of American troops in China for the common war effort against Japan. In December 1943, the Chinese Exclusion Acts of the 1880s and subsequent laws enacted by the United States Congress to restrict Chinese immigration into the United States were repealed.

The wartime policy of the United States was initially to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. As the conflict between the Nationalist and the Communists intensified, however, the United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival forces for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort. Toward the end of the war, United States Marines were used to hold Beiping (Beijing) and Tianjin against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Nationalist forces in north and northeast China.

Through the mediatory influence of the United States a military truce was arranged in January 1946, but battles between the Nationalist and Communists soon resumed. Public opinion of administrative incompetence of the Republic of China government was escalated and incited by the Communists in the nationwide student protest against mishandling of a rape accusation in early 1947 and another national protest against monetary reforms later that year. Realizing that American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could not stop the war, the United States withdrew the American mission, headed by General George C. Marshall, in early 1947. The Chinese Civil War, in which the United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support, became more widespread. Battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of cross sections of the population.

Belatedly, the Republic of China government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. The effort was in vain, however, because of the rampant corruption in government and the accompanying political and economic chaos. By late 1948, the Nationalist position was bleak. The demoralized and undisciplined Nationalist troops proved no match for the communist People's Liberation Army, earlier known as the Red Army. The Communists were well established in the north and northeast. Although the Nationalists had an advantage in numbers of men and weapons, controlled a much larger territory and population than their adversaries, and enjoyed considerable international support, they were exhausted by the long war with Japan and in-fighting among various generals. They were also losing the propaganda war to the Communists, with the population weary of Nationalist corruption and yearning for peace. In January 1949, Beiping was taken by the Communists without a fight, and its name changed back to Beijing. Between April and November 7, major cities passed from Nationalist to Communist control with minimal resistance. In most cases, the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. After Chiang Kai-shek and a few hundred thousand Republic of China troops and 2 million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan (which had been acquired by the Nationalists from Japan in October 25, 1945), there remained only isolated pockets of resistance. In December 7, 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei, the permanent capital of Taiwan of the Republic of China.

 The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing of Jiangsu Province they next moved to Guangzhou of Guangdong Province, then to Chongqing, Chengdu of Sichuan Province and Xichang of Sichuan Province before arriving in Taipei.

Taiwan, Republic of China (December 7, 1949-present)

References

History of Taiwan of the Republic of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China(Taiwan)